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At any moment, on any school day, the entire future of the Quileute Tribe is at risk.

The Quileute tribal school is within a stone鈥檚 throw from the Pacific Ocean, which has been a source of life for the Quileute people since the beginning of time. The Quileutes regularly harvest fish and shellfish off the coast of northwest Washington, and their ancestors hunted whales and traveled in oceangoing canoes from Alaska to California for trade.

But the ocean is increasingly becoming a threat.

鈥淭o be standing in the schoolyard when there鈥檚 a high tide is intimidating,鈥� says Susan Devine, project manager of the Quileute Tribe鈥檚 Move to Higher Ground/Tribal School Project.

鈥淎 tsunami would be catastrophic. People say that happens only once every 300 years on average. We鈥檙e well beyond the 300 years. Even bigger than that are the severe winter storms that happen several times a year鈥攅very year鈥攚hich cause flooding and bring heavy debris into the schoolyard and impact the bulkhead in the marina.

鈥淎 tsunami is a big catastrophic event, but it鈥檚 all the other 100-year storms that are happening at a pace that鈥檚 never been experienced.鈥�

Such stories are familiar throughout Indian Country, where cultures are tied to land and water. The Quileute Tribe plans to relocate the school and the rest of the tribal government to higher ground about 2.5 miles away, and construction of the new school has already begun.

Forty miles south along the Washington coast, the Quinault Nation is making similar plans. Ongoing risks of landslides in the capital of Taholah threaten to cut off reliable road access to police, fire, medical and other public services.

In Alaska, the Native communities of Akiak, Kivalina, and Shishmaref are relocating homes away from eroding coastlines and riverbanks.

鈥淲e relocated six houses from the river this summer,鈥� says Mike Williams Sr., Yup鈥檌k, chief of the Akiak Native Community. 鈥淧ermafrost is melting, villages are sinking in the tundra. A couple of years ago, because of the extreme heat, there were dead salmon floating down on the river. That was sad to see on the Kuskokwim River. The wildlife鈥攅verything鈥攊s being impacted [by climate change]. We鈥檙e at ground zero.鈥�

In early 2020, Kivalina was joined in filing a complaint with the United Nations by four Indigenous bands in Louisiana whose lands have been lost to rising waters.

The complaint blames the U.S. government鈥檚 lack of climate change action for the 鈥渓oss of sacred ancestral homelands, destruction to sacred burial sites, and the endangerment of cultural traditions, heritage, health, life, and livelihoods.鈥�

Climate change, it states, is 鈥渂reaking apart communities and families.鈥�

For Indigenous people threatened by climate change, the choice is not easy: Move away from a place to which families have been tied for centuries, or stay and remain at risk.

Quinault鈥檚 Taholah Village Relocation Plan

Rising temperatures and shifting weather patterns are causing oceans to rise and storms to become more intense, bringing drought, flooding, wildfires, and devastating hurricanes, scientists say. The Quinault Nation predicts sea levels will rise as much as 2.6 feet by 2100, pushing storm surges higher and moving wave action farther upriver.

For the Quinault Nation, ocean encroachment has washed away chunks of coastal lands since the 1970s, and the distance between the open waters and Taholah is diminishing substantially, the tribal treasurer, Larry Ralston, told Indian Country Today.

鈥淭o further complicate matters, our narrow highway between the ocean and land is succumbing to the forces of nature,鈥� Ralston says. 鈥淚t is just a matter of time before we lose State Route 109 into our village of Taholah. This highway is also the only way out,and we depend on this route for the health, safety, and welfare of our membership.鈥�

The Quinault Nation adopted the Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan in 2017, and design work is now underway for the Upper Village鈥�200 acres of higher ground about a half-mile from the existing village center.

When completed in 2030, the Upper Village will have a variety of housing types, a K-12 school, a park and trails, a community center and (Generations Building), which will house the elders program and early childhood education.

The next challenge is funding the project. Quinault received a federal Administration for Native Americans grant to help cover the costs of developing its relocation master plan. But tribal nations in flood and tsunami zones are paying the bulk of the costs for lack of U.S. government policy addressing human actions that are exacerbating climate change.

Though 660 people live in Taholah, and about 150 children attend school within a flood and tsunami zone, federal legislation in 2019 that would have made grants available to Native nations for 鈥渇urther achievement of tribal coastal zone objectives鈥� became stuck in the Senate committee on commerce, science, and transportation.

Quinault officials estimate the infrastructure costs alone for the Upper Village鈥攃ommunications, roads, utilities鈥攁t $50.6 million.

鈥淛ust this week, I had to declare another Quinault national state of emergency as the ocean breached into our village of Taholah, our headquarters,鈥� the Quinault Nation president, Fawn Sharp, says during a Jan. 19 newscast interview with Indian Country Today. Sharp is also president of the National Congress of American Indians and served on the U.S. interior secretary鈥檚 Commission on Trust Reform during the Obama administration.

鈥淚 had to evacuate two blocks of tribal citizens from our homes, our jail, our courthouse, our community center, the only store in town,鈥� she says. 鈥淭his season, our fisheries is declining, and we can point to climate change.鈥�

Sharp called on President Joe Biden to increase efforts to stop climate change from advancing by holding accountable those who are contributing to it.

鈥淲e need public-private partnerships, we need international aid and engagement,鈥� Sharp says. 鈥淎nd so I would like this administration to really know and understand we have melting glaciers and , and we absolutely have to be at the table for policy discussions.鈥�

Rivers Tell the Story

The Makah Nation is on the northwest Olympic peninsula of Washington state, where the Pacific Ocean meets the Strait of Juan de Fuca, gateway to the Salish Sea. The Wa鈥檃tch River and numerous streams flow through Makah lands to the Pacific and the strait.

Micah McCarty, a former Makah Nation chairman who has long worked with organizations and Indigenous leaders on issues related to climate change and environmental protection, says rivers are telling the story of climate change.

鈥淥ne of the things that the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission has been concerned about is [salt water] encroachment in areas of rivers that are important for salmon as they prepare to migrate out,鈥� he says. 鈥淭heir organs don鈥檛 change fast enough to accommodate breathing in salt water. When young salmon get into estuaries, they need a certain dilution of sea water with the river water. With salt water encroachment farther upriver, they have less time to adjust to breathing in sea water.

鈥淪eals and sea lions are going farther upriver than before. They鈥檙e going after the salmon,鈥� he says.

鈥淚t鈥檚 literally a catastrophic event happening before our eyes.鈥�

The Makah Nation developed a climate adaptation plan that is informed by climate impact surveys, vulnerability assessment of more than 100 species, and collection of cultural and traditional climate knowledge.

The Swinomish Tribe adopted a Climate Change Initiative in 2010 that informs environmental, land use, and emergency planning on the Swinomish reservation, about 80 miles northwest of Seattle.

Swinomish officials say the reservation has experienced an increase in storm surges, flooding, and erosion from wind and wave actions.

The initiative helps the tribe adapt to climate change by addressing shoreline management, inundation of tidelands and shellfish beds, loss of forage and spawning habitat, impacts to wetlands and estuarine habitat, drinking water conservation and storage, emergency preparedness and response, and climate science.

鈥淭ribes are on the front line of fixing things, using our resources, setting good public policy [and using] good science, new and emerging science,鈥� Sharp says on the Indian Country Today newscast. 鈥淏ut yet we have the least amount of resources. So we鈥檙e doing more with less every year. That is definitely another part of the inequity in the treatment. But tribal nations are resilient.鈥�

Quileute鈥檚 鈥楳ove to Higher Ground鈥�

The Quileute Tribe鈥檚 namesake river, the Quillayute, flows from deep within the Olympic Mountain range, winds along the northern boundary of the reservation, and meets the Pacific Ocean in La Push, the main community on the Quileute Reservation.

Quileute leaders signed the Quinault River Treaty in 1856, ceding more than 800,000 acres of old-growth timberland full of fish and wildlife. The Quileute people retained by treaty the right to fish, harvest, and hunt in their usual and accustomed territory, but the land available to them to live on was a 1-square-mile coastal reservation.

In the ensuing years, La Push鈥攁 thriving community with an oceanfront resort, marina, school, government offices, and emergency services鈥攚ould feel the pinch. It is bordered on the north by a river that has changed course, as rivers do; on the east and south by Olympic national park; and on the west by the ocean.

In 2012, after 50 years of lobbying by tribal leaders, President Barack Obama signed legislation returning about 280 acres of national park land to the Quileutes. That set the stage for 鈥攖he development of an Upper Village outside of flood and tsunami zones.

A new Quileute tribal school for grades K-12 is already under construction, funded primarily by the federal No Child Left Behind Act.

鈥淚t鈥檚 the first physical representation of the tribe鈥檚 relocation to higher ground,鈥� says Devine, the project manager. 鈥淥n any given school day, the entire future of the tribe was exposed to climate change and weather conditions, so it was really exciting to get these dollars.鈥�

The Lower Village near the waterfront will remain, and some people may choose to continue living there, Devine says. The oceanfront resort and the marina on the lower river will continue operating, and the tribe will work with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to keep the river channel dredged and a bulkhead reinforced.

But federal dollars are scarce, Devine says.

鈥淭he challenge with all tribes is dollars,鈥� Devine says. 鈥淕rants are highly competitive and never enough. We鈥檙e working on planning, getting environmental approvals, and identifying ways to make this come together.

鈥淲e have the strategy. But implementation will depend on available dollars and timing.鈥�

This story originally appeared in and is republished here as part of , a global journalism collaboration strengthening coverage of the climate story.