大象传媒

Many of those who stormed the United States Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021, armed themselves with weapons, touted violent conspiracy theories fueled by the former president, and waved Confederate flags.

The fact that the insurrectionists proudly carried a symbol of a white supremacist, separatist nation ostensibly defeated in 1865 is no coincidence, says historian , author of the 2022 book . 鈥淭he Confederates have never stopped fighting the Civil War,鈥� he contends. 

That war was fought over the right of white landowners to subjugate and enslave African Americans鈥攁nd Phillips believes that battle continues today in another guise. Although the modern manifestations of white supremacy have evolved with the passage of time, the flash point fueling racist violence and oppression remains the same as it did 160 years ago, with people of color demanding their full democratic rights. 

The U.S. is experiencing a crisis of white folks who are fearful of democracy because they鈥檙e fearful of people of color, contends Phillips, who also founded the political media organization . When given a choice between , far too many white people in the U.S. still choose whiteness, adds Phillips. 

Author Nikole Hannah-Jones explored these tensions in her linking slavery to the contemporary struggle over racial justice as the lead feature in The New York Times Magazine鈥檚 seminal publication, . Hannah-Jones鈥� work became one of the in recent years, challenging the notion that the U.S. is a fully representative democracy. 

It鈥檚 true that to elect racially diverse representatives at various levels of political office, bringing the United States closer to a multiracial representative democracy. However, this has among self-proclaimed conservative whites and those aligned with them鈥攁 potentially explosive trend given that many of them are . 

The backlash to a multiracial democracy includes efforts to block , the preservation of , and the racist targeting of politicians of color, including and . 

It also includes attacks on voting rights for people of color, low-income voters, students, and others. 鈥淲e see voter suppression bills, we see the gutting of the Civil Rights Act鈥攖hese things are all implications around trying to limit people鈥檚 ability to participate in their democracy,鈥� explains DaMareo Cooper, co-executive director of the , a group committed to building a multiracial democracy. Democratic institutions in the U.S. were . Anti-racists have had to push these institutions into expanding so that the benefits of full citizenship are available to those other than wealthy, landowning white men. 

A Nation in Racial Flux

Demographic data indicates that white people still comprise a majority鈥攁lbeit rapidly shrinking鈥攐f the U.S. population. The 2020 Census found the percentage of self-identified whites in recorded history, from to 57.3% a decade later. 

While experts have predicted this racial shift for decades, it has occurred 鈥渇aster than demographers were projecting,鈥� says , director of the University of Southern California鈥檚 Equity Research Institute. He says the U.S. is currently on track to become a majority-minority nation by 2042, six years earlier than most estimates.

Pastor explains that the changing hues of the nation鈥檚 racial makeup are being fueled by multiple factors, including fewer white children being born than children of color. This is compounded by the fact that the white population is older, on average, than populations of color, and therefore dying in greater numbers. 

Growing awareness of the complexity of racial identity also plays a factor. 鈥淭here are a lot more white people who are also willing to say that they are mixed-race 鈥� who are willing to embrace both parts of their identity,鈥� Pastor explains. 

Similarly, increasing numbers of Latinos are embracing their nonwhite identities, which Pastor refers to as 鈥渢he browning of 鈥楤rown America.鈥欌�� Just as in the general population, the U.S. Latino population saw a jump in the percentage of those who identified with more than one race, of all Latinos in 2020. 

鈥淭his last decade of xenophobia, of anti-immigrant hysteria, of the othering of immigrant populations and Latinos [has] perhaps basically beaten the whiteness out of a lot of Latinos in terms of the way they identify on the Census,鈥� says Pastor. In 2010, more than half of the Latino population identified as white; 10 years later, only .

Paralleling the nation鈥檚 demographic shift, political representation of people of color is also increasing. According to , the 118th Congress, seated in January 2023, was 鈥渢he most racially and ethnically diverse to date.鈥� However, people of color are still underrepresented in Congress, comprising 25% of that body, compared to 43% of the population. 

Political Power in Diversity 

After killed three children and three adults at a school in March 2023, at the Tennessee State Capitol demanding gun control. Two young, newly elected Black Democratic state lawmakers named , together with a white Democrat named Gloria Johnson, joined the protesters inside the Capitol. In retaliation, Tennessee鈥檚 House Republican supermajority voted to expel Jones and Pearson from the legislative body, while Johnson retained her seat. Cooper and Phillips see the 鈥淭ennessee Three,鈥� as they came to be called, as precisely the kind of coalition that the future multiracial U.S. democracy will demand. 

Nashville, like many U.S. cities, is becoming more racially diverse鈥攊n large part due to . That growth has prompted an uptick in multiracial organizing鈥攚hich was key to electing 鈥渢he most [Metropolitan] Council in the history of the city of Nashville,鈥� according to Lisa Sherman Luna, executive director of .

Within days of the representatives鈥� expulsion, the Nashville council to his House seat, while the Shelby County Board of Commissioners . 鈥淚t is because of that power-building that we are doing in Black and Brown communities that Justin Jones was unanimously reappointed to serve in his duly elected seat,鈥� explains Luna, citing her state鈥檚 growing racial diversity. 鈥淎nd it is that exact power that we are building that is threatening the GOP supermajority and the white supremacists in our legislature.鈥�

Luna鈥檚 organization has invested time and resources into 鈥渃reating spaces for organizing and power-building that are multicultural and multiracial,鈥� and training immigrants and people of color to run for office. 鈥淚t鈥檚 been incredible to watch the diversity in our movement here in Tennessee and how we have grown that power,鈥� Luna says.

A Numbers Game

People of color have been allying with progressive whites to elect pro-racial justice representatives since at least 1968, when became the first Black woman in Congress. But Phillips notes that for most of the nation鈥檚 history, even when accounting for obstacles to voting, there simply weren鈥檛 enough voters of color to be able to significantly sway elections. 鈥淧olitics in this country has historically been a battle between white people,鈥� he explains. 鈥淚t was conservative whites battling with progressive whites over the whites in the middle.鈥� 

Phillips began calling attention to the growing political power of people of color in 2016 with his book . Phillips identified Jesse Jackson鈥檚 presidential campaign as a significant turning point in demonstrating the political power of people of color on a national scale.

Starting out in 1983 with his 鈥溾�濃�攁n apt term for a multiracial democracy鈥擩ackson went on to win nearly 7 million votes in 1988 while competing for the Democratic Party鈥檚 nomination. , Jackson 鈥渆xplicitly built his campaign鈥攈is Rainbow Coalition concept鈥攐n the various communities of color allied with progressive whites,鈥� showing the power and potential of such an alliance.

This was the same formula that won Obama his party鈥檚 nomination and the presidency in 2008 and 2012. 鈥淥bama would not have won [the presidential] election in 1980鈥攈e would not have beaten [Ronald] Reagan,鈥� contends Phillips. 鈥淥bama could only win in 2008 because the country was more racially diverse.鈥� 

Cooper concurs that demographic change has wrought positive political change. 鈥淓veryone saw what happened in Georgia,鈥� he says, referring to the , when Rev. Raphael Warnock became the first Black Senator to represent his state, and, together with a white Democrat named Jon Ossoff, beat two white conservative Republican incumbents, flipping control of the U.S. Senate by a razor-thin margin. 鈥淲elcome to the new Georgia,鈥� said Warnock after his victory. 

鈥淲hite supremacy is in the death throes and is willing to go to extremes to try to protect itself,鈥� says Cooper. But he later reassures: 鈥淲e have the numbers to win. 鈥� There鈥檚 literally more of us than them.鈥�

鈥淭hey鈥檙e gonna try to cheat. They鈥檙e gonna try to change laws,鈥� Cooper continues. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e gonna make it harder for people to vote and participate. They鈥檙e gonna try to kick out young, Black, duly elected legislators.鈥� 

A white conservative minority acting out of fear hurts all Americans, explains Cooper: 鈥淲hite folks get hurt as well when we allow racist policies to take away our public goods.鈥� He believes that vigilant, persistent pursuit of democratic representation offers people of color, and the nation as a whole, the best chance for a just future. 

Although demographics increasingly support a multiracial democracy and its economic and social benefits, the nation鈥檚 partisan duopoly remains a challenge. Broadly speaking, the Democratic Party has embraced multiculturalism on paper. But Phillips worries about people such as Virginia Rep. Abigail Spanberger, who complained that slogans like 鈥�,鈥� popularized during the 2020 racial justice uprisings, hurt her campaign because they were perceived as being too radical. Phillips doesn鈥檛 buy that: 鈥淪he got 54,000 more votes in 2020 than she got in 2018. So how was she hurt politically?鈥�

Indeed, the historic sparked by the Minneapolis police murder of George Floyd was notable for drawing significant numbers of white Americans to join communities of color in calling for an end to racist policies. According to a analysis in July 2020, 鈥淣early 95 percent of counties that had a protest recently are majority white, and nearly three-quarters of the counties are more than 75 percent white.鈥� Months later, many of those protesting showed up to the polls in November to cast ballots in a way that reflected their positions on racial justice. An election poll analysis claimed that 鈥渘early all Biden voters called racism a serious problem in U.S. society.鈥�

What鈥檚 more, the COVID-19 pandemic starkly highlighted the popularity of a progressive government approach to solving problems. 鈥淚n the context of the pandemic, we rethought core elements of the social contract and found much greater support for those elements than we鈥檝e realized existed in the first place,鈥� says Phillips. 鈥淵es, we can just send checks to almost everybody within the country. We can suspend evictions, we can suspend student debt payments鈥� as part of 鈥渁 social-justice-equality agenda.鈥�

Cooper is optimistic that a multiracial democracy is within reach. 鈥淧eople are starting to understand that actually having a multiracial, multicultural democracy is a way for us to keep all human beings thriving.鈥�

Although Phillips believes a civil war has been simmering along racial lines for centuries, he鈥檚 convinced that today 鈥渢here鈥檚 a meaningful minority of whites who are supportive of a multiracial democracy and justice and equality.鈥� And that means we might finally see an end to this war in our lifetimes.