How This Black Entrepreneur Went From Homelessness to Housing Others

With help from a business incubator, Tyrone Poole created a platform to help people on low incomes find housing.

Collapse and regeneration are experiences Tyrone Poole knows intimately. There was that period back in 2006 when he was homeless鈥攖hat moment when, on crutches and in excruciating pain, Poole found himself staggering into the bus station in Portland, Oregon, where he collapsed on a bench and threw up. That was how a policeman found him that night and later took him to the YMCA homeless shelter, where he got a cot on the gym floor. Everything he owned was in a bag under the bed. What had led to Poole鈥檚 downslide was medical debt. He鈥檇 completed his associate degree at Portland Community College and was training to be a firefighter when he suffered a debilitating injury. The treatments left him buried under medical bills, evicted, his car repossessed. As Poole told his story, he sat across the conference table in the elegant Williams & Dame Development building on Everett Street, in Portland鈥檚 hip Pearl District, where his new business has free office space. It鈥檚 part of the intricate web of support that has come to surround him, the physical embodiment of the community that oriented itself toward growing the seeds of resilience and genius in him. Poole is 34, African-American, with a trim beard and close-cropped hair, and on this day he was wearing a green T-shirt and crisp new blue jeans. He鈥檚 the founder of OneApp, a startup that has launched an online platform originally designed to match applicants for affordable housing with appropriate openings. Poole talked about being named Oregon Entrepreneur of the Year, how his team won a contract with the Portland Housing Bureau, and how other cities and states are lining up to tap his services.

None of that seemed in reach when he first hatched his idea. While in the homeless shelter, Poole began helping other residents find housing with their vouchers from the city government. Before long, the YMCA hired him as a family advocate. From his own struggles, he鈥檇 seen the reality of the statistic that people with housing vouchers have applications turned down by landlords 40 percent of the time. The system left thousands of low-income families stranded. In a system rife with racial discrimination, Black residents were three times more likely to be homeless than White Portlanders. A 2011 audit by the Portland Housing Bureau found discrimination against prospective Black and Latino tenants by landlords and leasing agents in 64 percent of cases. Poole saw it as a math problem. He developed an algorithm that could match applicants with openings. 鈥淭here鈥檚 little you know about how you fared on the screening criteria,鈥� Poole explained, because those criteria are undisclosed. 鈥淚t may be that if you pay off Sprint and an overdue library book, you鈥檒l be OK.鈥� With each application costing $30 to $50, a housing search can add up to a painful sum for threadbare pocketbooks. Poole began to develop his idea for the web platform. 鈥淚 knew it would work,鈥� he said, 鈥渂ut I didn鈥檛 have the business knowledge.鈥� Then he learned about the Startup PDX Challenge, a contest for entrepreneurs the Portland Development Commission, the city鈥檚 economic development agency, ran for three years.

Kimberly Branam, executive director of the commission, explained to us how that contest evolved to support underrepresented entrepreneurs like Poole. The original concept was that would-be entrepreneurs could compete to receive a package worth $50,000 that included mentoring, free office space, legal assistance, business planning support, and $10,000 (later increased to $15,000) in a working capital grant. When the contest鈥檚 first group of winning founders was gathered together, Branam recalled, 鈥淲e looked around the room, and they were largely White men.鈥� The next year, the PDC refocused the contest on underrepresented founders, primarily women and people of color. It was one move in what would become a wholesale reorientation of the commission toward racial and gender inclusion鈥攏ot as one piece of its mission, but as its new core.

The city realized how important it was to provide seed capital and mentoring at very early stages for underrepresented founders, so in 2015, it put out a request for proposals, looking for fund managers willing to manage an early-stage seed fund for these founders. The $2 million fund was launched in partnership with PDC, Multnomah County, and the state of Oregon and was the first publicly backed pre-seed fund in the country, to which the city contributed $750,000. When Branam became director in 2017, she led the agency鈥檚 rebranding as Prosper Portland to reflect its reorientation to focusing on the traditionally disadvantaged. 鈥淏uilding an Equitable Economy鈥� was the new goal. The challenge, the agency explained on its website home page, was 鈥淸t]he growing income and asset disparity between White people and people of color. Solution: Collaborate to grow jobs and increase assets among communities of color.鈥� We first encountered Branam a few years earlier, when she spoke at one of our Learning/Action Labs for Native Americans. What was striking to us was her frank acknowledgment of how the agency鈥檚 own work had contributed to racial exclusion. We learned that she鈥檇 talked about this not only to our small group, but at the massive Social Capital Markets conference held annually in the Bay Area. In a presentation titled 鈥淎 Tale of Two Cities,鈥� she鈥檇 spoken about how the progressive image of Portland was belied by a stark racial divide to which city economic development had actively contributed. Something remarkable seemed to be happening in Portland鈥攁 powerful, citywide pilot in the principle of inclusion. It warranted a journey there to learn more.

Far from considering himself a self-made man, Poole credits the large team of helpers he鈥檚 assembled. For example, when he hit his first stumbling block in the $150 application fee for the PDX Challenge, Poole found help from Stephen Green, business development officer with the city, himself a prominent Black entrepreneur. He was 鈥渕y saving grace,鈥� Poole said. Then came social obstacles. 鈥淚 remember going to the first mixer PDC hosted for the Challenge,鈥� Poole recalled. There were people there with logos and matching T-shirts speaking a jargon-filled language he found intimidating. 鈥淓veryone was mingling. I mingled with no one,鈥� he said. At each step of the process, Poole expected to be eliminated. 鈥淚 remember my first pitch ever,鈥� he recalled. 鈥淓veryone had handouts with diagrams, graphs, and PowerPoints.鈥� He had a tablet with a single piece of paper. 鈥淚 ran to the copy machine to copy things. I had on my only suit, and I was sweating so bad, my suit was soaked.鈥� His pitch that day proved so compelling, it advanced him to the top 20 out of 150. 鈥淚 work at a place where 50 percent of the families will be out on the street, even though they have a letter from the city government authorizing access to housing,鈥� Poole explained. 鈥淲hen I got out of the hospital myself, I qualified for 1 percent of all available housing鈥�10 out of 1,000. That鈥檚 like finding a needle in a haystack. Do you know how much time it takes to find a needle in a haystack? If it exceeds the amount of money and time a family has, it will result in denial of housing. Every application, every screening, costs resources that the people who are applying have in short supply. The two moving pieces have to match up. I can reduce the information to one platform. With one click, an applicant can be screened against all available homes.鈥� Poole became one of the six winners, receiving a $15,000 cash grant and other services. His challenges had only begun. 鈥淚 didn鈥檛 need cash,鈥� he explained. 鈥淲hat I needed was a clue how to make this idea a reality.鈥� The development commission connected him with a mentor, Jon Maroney of the Oregon Angel Fund鈥攁 group created in 2007 to invest $100 million in 100 local startups, with an aim of creating 10,000 jobs in Oregon. 鈥淗e gave me a check for $25,000,鈥� Poole said, which was used to create a beta site. 鈥淚t was trash,鈥� he added with a laugh, but it demonstrated proof of concept. 鈥淭he most important thing Prosper Portland gave me was validity,鈥� he continued. 鈥淭hat social capital, I was able to use it like it was capital.鈥� There was the time TransUnion, a large credit rating firm, denied him access to the credit scores he needed for his platform. Then development staffer Katherine Krajnak asked Branam to draft a letter. 鈥淭he next thing you know, TransUnion gave me the credit database,鈥� he said. 鈥淭his is information that you can go to prison for misusing; they gave it to me, a nobody, because of the city of Portland.鈥�

The principle of inclusion is fundamental to creating a democratic economy designed for the flourishing of each and all. In such an economy, Poole鈥檚 perspective as a once-homeless person becomes an asset to be developed. He, in turn, takes a market approach, not a social service approach, to helping the low-income. Inclusion is thus built into basic economic processes: entrepreneurship, economic development, product development. That鈥檚 fundamental to democratic economy design; social purpose isn鈥檛 added on but is at the core. This is a very different approach from giving welfare to the disadvantaged while giving economic development assistance to wealthy Whites, as in today鈥檚 economy. Such an approach reflects an implicit belief that stigmatized groups cannot advance 鈥渢he progress of history,鈥� in the words of Martin Luther King Jr. What is lost is a loss to the whole. Imagine if Portland had not run this contest, if there had been no mentoring鈥攚hat would Poole鈥檚 future have been? In our extractive economy, how much talent is left to wither painfully on the vine? Edited excerpt from The Making of a Democratic Economy: Building Prosperity for the Many, Not Just the Few by Marjorie Kelly and Ted Howard of the Democracy Collaborative is published by (2019) and appears by permission of the authors.

Marjorie Kelly is distinguished senior fellow at The Democracy Collaborative, a nonprofit working to catalyze the creation of a democratic economy, where people reclaim control from extractive capital, and where all economic institutions are designed for justice. She is a leading theorist in democratic economy design, including next generation enterprise, place-based impact investing, and a next system of capital. Kelly is the author of聽four books, the most recent of which is聽Wealth Supremacy聽(Berrett-Koehler, 2023). Her first book,聽The Divine Right of Capital, was credited with inspiring the creation of the B-Corporation movement and named one of the聽Library Journal鈥檚聽10 Best Business Books of 2001. Her writings have appeared in聽Fast Company,聽Stanford Social Innovation Review,聽Harvard Business Review,聽Chief Executive,聽The Boston Globe,聽大象传媒,聽and聽the San Francisco Chronicle, among others.