大象传媒

Roman Hottgenroth is surrounded by lamps, dishwashers, and vacuum cleaners. Computers, smartphones, and TV receivers are piled high on tin shelves behind him. Some washing machines rattles loudly in test mode, only somewhat drowned out by the bass thumping from a hi-fi system that an employee is checking.

The products don’t work properly, and that鈥檚 the point. 

Here at , the department store in Hamburg, Germany, run by the city鈥檚 sanitation department, only goods that others have thrown away are offered for sale. But before they are sold, they are checked and, if necessary, repaired in Hottgenroth鈥檚 7,500-square-foot workshop. The process is something of a dying art. 鈥淯nfortunately, [repair] is no longer intended for most appliances,鈥� says Hottgenroth, Stilbruch鈥檚 operations manager. 

But that may be changing. Across Europe, legislation is pushing back against a waste-based economy and restoring for citizens something companies have gradually taken away: the right to repair what they鈥檝e bought.

Fix It or Forget It

Hottgenroth sees every day how many appliances end up in the trash. Although often all they need is a fresh battery or receiver, 鈥淪pare parts are hard to come by, and all the components are soldered, glued, or riveted,鈥� he says. This is why, while his employees can fix many products, many are unsalvageable. 鈥淏ecause of their design, devices often break just when you try to open them.鈥� In addition, there is usually no longer any provision for upgrading and adapting devices to new technical standards. 鈥淭his should be banned,鈥� Hottgenroth says flatly.

Some political leaders agree. In November, the EU Parliament  the European Commission to make routine repair of everyday products easier, systematic, and cost-efficient. It said that warranties should be extended, and that replacement parts should be improved and made more accessible, as should information enabling general repair and maintenance.  

The EU鈥檚 existing  could be an instrument to reach these goals. These mandates were established years ago to improve the energy efficiency of products sold in the EU. But in March, the first eco-design regulation that will define standards for repair and useful life will come into force. Manufacturers of washing machines, dishwashers, refrigerators, and monitors will have to ensure that components are replaceable with common tools. Instruction manuals must be accessible to specialist companies. And producers must supply spare parts within 15 days.  

Cellphones, computers, and tablets, however, have not yet been regulated by an EU eco-design directive, and constitute some of . To this end, individual member states have moved ahead with their own regulations. This month, France will introduce an anti-waste law with a repair index. A grade of one through 10 will appear on the labels of washing machines, laptops, smartphones, TVs, and lawn mowers. This score will be calculated based on criteria such as ease of disassembly, access to repair information, and price and availability of spare parts. The French government is also promoting modular product design, and is aiming to have 60% of electronic equipment in France be repairable by 2026. 

Europe is one of the largest markets in the world, which means that new EU design guidelines and right-to-repair mandates could force manufacturers across the world to make more durable products. The shift can鈥檛 come soon enough. At more than 10 million tons per year, e-waste is the fastest growing waste stream in Europe. In Germany alone, 2 million tons are generated annually. Repairing products and extending their useful life could play a key role in mitigating the environmental consequences of all this waste. And that鈥檚 exactly what a large majority of EU citizens want. Nearly  would rather repair their devices than replace them. And most think that manufacturers should be legally obliged to facilitate the repair of digital devices or the replacement of their individual parts.

Such products have existed for some time鈥攃ompanies like Fairphone and Shiftphone produce sustainable, repairable smartphones, for instance. But with the EU鈥檚 new legislative mandates on the horizon, bigger players are getting ahead of the game.

Apple has launched a  for independent businesses, in which companies can get Apple parts, tools, training, service guides, diagnostics, and resources to perform a variety of out-of-warranty repairs. Last year, the German outdoor gear company Vaude began providing customers with an  showing how repairable each of its products are. Electrolux, a leading manufacturer of electrical appliances in Europe, has been preparing for the directive and will be ready to comply once it takes effect in March. 鈥淲e will now ensure that the specific parts, according to the legislation, will be available directly to consumers,鈥� says Viktor Sundberg, vice president of European & environmental affairs at Electrolux. 鈥淎nd we will make the repair information available to independent repairers for the categories requested.鈥�  

Is that sufficient? For Dorothea Kessler of , the EU Parliament has indeed sent a strong signal that the continent must embrace a more sustainable circular economy. But it鈥檚 only a start. 鈥淲e will certainly have to wait a few more years for feasible measures to emerge for the most important product categories,鈥� she says. In the process, she believes, it won鈥檛 be easy for the EU to stand up to the manufacturers鈥� lobbies. 

Consumer and environmental organizations have also welcomed the EU Parliament resolution with cautious optimism. 鈥淭he right to repair was already in the Green Deal of December 2019 as a buzzword,鈥� says Elke Salzmann of the Federation of Consumer Organizations in Germany, referring to Europe鈥檚 commitment to become the first climate-neutral continent. 鈥淏ut we have to take care that the promise will be obliging.鈥�

In the meantime, iFixit has been聽聽to every new device on the market for years, and provides free聽聽for do-it-yourself repairs in 11 languages for 70,000 products. Its online forum allows users to exchange ideas with other tinkerers. The online community, founded in California, now has 3 million monthly users in Europe and 10 million worldwide. To Kessler, it鈥檚 a movement that has as much to do with altering mindsets as fixing gadgets. 鈥淥ur philosophy is that something doesn鈥檛 belong to you if you can鈥檛 open it,鈥� she says.

This story originally appeared in and is republished here as part of the SoJo Exchange from , a nonprofit organization dedicated to rigorous reporting about responses to social problems.