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Asian American women understand that the suspect in the killing of eight people in Atlanta was acting in keeping with a culture filled with racialized and sexualized views of Asian women. Of the people killed, four women were of Korean descent and two of Chinese heritage.

The shooter himself, Robert Long, has said he was  because of his self-proclaimed 鈥渟ex addiction.鈥� He allegedly told investigators that the businesses he attacked represented 鈥�.鈥�&苍产蝉辫;

Long sought to eliminate the objects of his sexual temptations, Asian women. In doing so, he drew on the U.S.鈥榮 long history of sexualizing Asian American women. 

A Long History of Stereotypes

 date back to at least the 19th century. Back then, American missionaries and military personnel in Asia . 

These stereotypes influenced the first U.S. immigration law based on race, the 1875 , which prevented Chinese women from entering the United States. The official assumption was that, unless proven otherwise, Chinese women seeking to enter the United States . In fact,  seeking to reunite with their husbands who had already come to the U.S. 

Around the same time,  by local public health officials who feared they would spread sexually transmitted diseases to White men, who would then spread it to their wives. 

In the mid-20th century, U.S. wars and military bases in China, Japan, the Philippines, Korea, and Vietnam resulted in increased interracial contact between American soldiers and Asian women. The GIs鈥� restricted interactions with the larger Asian population meant that they met Asian women that worked on or near the military bases: , or .

Some soldiers married Asian women and brought them home , while others primarily viewed Asian women as sexual objects. Both approaches perpetuated  as sexually submissive, either as ideal wives or sexually exotic prostitutes. 

These stereotypes are evident throughout U.S. popular culture in the form of novels and movies, including and James Michener鈥檚 , which feature romances between GIs and Asian women. Vietnam War-era films like and depict graphic sexual violence committed by American GIs against Vietnamese women.

Violence Against Asian American Women

In online digital pornography, Asian women are , compared to White women or women of other racial backgrounds. Asian American feminist and activist  has argued that there is a connection between the portrayals of Asian women in pornography and violence against Asian American women. 

, a sociologist, describes how in 2000,  in Spokane, Washington, to fulfill their sexual fantasies of Asian female bondage, a subgenre of pornography.

Sexual attacks targeting Asian American women are more likely to come from non-Asians. Though most attacks on White or Black women come from men of the same ethnic background, Asian American women鈥攁nd Native American women鈥攁re more likely to be sexually assaulted by . 

The most recent high-profile example of this dynamic is the 2015 rape of a woman by . Not until 2019 did the woman, Chanel Miller, . At that point many Asian American women understood another element of what had already been a troubling case of White male sexual aggression: Turner likely felt entitled to use and abuse Miller鈥檚 unconscious body not just because she is a woman, but because of her Asian heritage.

Targeted Attacks

In March 2020, Asian American and Pacific Islander community organizations joined with San Francisco State University鈥檚 Asian American Studies Program to document incidents of anti-Asian racism occurring across the country during the COVID-19 pandemic. 

The group they formed, called , has recorded an  since its creation, including in-person and online verbal harassment, civil rights violations, and physical assaults. 

The group has found that Asian women report hate incidents  as Asian men. The data doesn鈥檛 distinguish between sexual assaults or harassment and other types of physical attacks and harassment, but it nevertheless emphasizes the vulnerability of being Asian and being female.

Oppression of Women of Color

Asian women are not the only targets of racial and sexual violence. Any  of these perils than White women do.

One day after the White male shooter in Georgia killed six Asian women,  outside Vice President Kamala Harris鈥� official residence in Washington, D.C. As a mixed-race South Asian and Black woman, Harris is not exempt from this culture that racializes and sexualizes Asian women and all women of color. None of us is.

This article was originally published in . It has been published here with permission.