大象传媒

Thirty years ago, in the wealthy Southern California city of , a majority-White jury acquitted four Los Angeles police officers of all charges in the videotaped assault of a Black man named Rodney King. The acquittals sparked that came to be known as the 鈥�1992 L.A. Uprising鈥� (some preferred the term 鈥�,鈥� others 鈥�,鈥� or even 鈥溾��) during which an estimated were killed, , 14 Latino, and the rest White, Asian, or unidentified by race. More than 2,000 people were injured.

Thousands of buildings were burned down, and more than $1 billion worth of property was damaged. A consisting of tens of thousands of local, state, and federal law enforcement agents, including from the U.S. Border Patrol, was mobilized to end the rebellion and arrest more than 16,000 people.

It was a stunning chapter in Los Angeles and United States history, one that continues to mark local decision-making around issues of race, policing, inequality, community investment, gentrification, and political representation.

In the months that followed, political commentators on the Right increasingly linked the uprising to a 鈥�,鈥� to quote then-Vice President Dan Quayle. President George H. W. Bush asserted that the actions during the uprising were 鈥�.鈥� Such logic framed the official city, state, and federal government pledges to investigate the causes of the uprising and provide restitution鈥� that either remained unfulfilled or exacerbated existing problems.

Most of the progressive changes in L.A. since 1992 have instead been led by grassroots organizers and community members who have rooted their work in cross-racial solidarity, finding common cause in the abolition of incarceration and police, tackling the housing crisis, uplifting arts and culture, and encouraging civic engagement.

After the Uprising: How Authorities Failed South L.A.

Leslie Cooper Johnson, vice president of organizational development at , explains that her South L.A.-based organization was just two years before the uprising. One of its first campaigns was to tackle the heavy concentration of liquor stores, which local residents identified as a major source of crime and other social problems.

鈥淎s we were engaging in the campaign 鈥� the civil unrest happened and hundreds of liquor stores were burned down,鈥� says Johnson. 鈥淎nd so the campaign then shifted to rebuild South L.A. without liquor stores,鈥� she adds.

Former Mayor remembers South L.A. being the site of 鈥�1,100 liquor stores down there, which I think was more than the entire state of Pennsylvania had.鈥�

L.A.鈥檚 first Black mayor, Tom Bradley, immediately promised to rebuild the devastated parts of the city and announced a public-private partnership that would take the form of a privately funded nonprofit organization called Initially headed by a White corporate executive from neighboring Orange County named Peter Ueberroth, Rebuild L.A. seemed doomed from the start.

Although the organization鈥檚 leadership was eventually diversified in response to complaints, it never managed to accomplish what Bradley set out to do, either in rebuilding what was destroyed, or in changing police-community relations.

According to an in-depth by Melissa Chadburn writing for Curbed Los Angeles, 鈥淭he board operated on the assumption that the neighborhoods and its residents were insolvent, inefficient, lazy, corrupt thieves, and that an overreliance on public subsidies had run them into the ground.鈥�

Johnson says, 鈥淭here are still to this day lots in South L.A. that were made vacant during the civil unrest. 鈥� And we still haven鈥檛 seen the investment, or the development in those spaces.鈥�

As to the fundamental issue of police violence, she adds, 鈥淲e haven鈥檛 been able to move the needle as much as we would like to.鈥�

A Backdrop of Inter-Community Tensions

King鈥檚 beating ignited a fiery debate about police brutality and race in the early 1990s in the city. Communities of color, especially Black residents, had long charged that police brutality was commonplace, but city officials ignored them. The nearly all-White jury that eventually acquitted King鈥檚 assailants believed the victim had resisted arrest and that the police had acted reasonably to subdue him.

鈥淲hat prompted the unrest was just anti-Blackness, to be frank,鈥� says Johnson.

Less than two weeks after King was beaten and a year before the uprising, Soon Ja Du, the Korean American owner of Empire Liquor in South L.A., shot and killed a young Black teenager named , who Du believed was stealing orange juice. Although convicted of , Du did not serve a prison sentence for the shooting, and anger over the incident simmered within South L.A.鈥檚 Black community, where convenience and liquor stores were largely owned and operated by .

When jurors in Simi Valley acquitted King鈥檚 assailants, hundreds of protesters in the San Fernando Valley, near the site where the assault took place, and marched to the local divisional headquarters of the Los Angeles Police Department.

In South L.A., anger spilled out into the streets centered on the corner of , an intersection that is now considered 鈥済round zero鈥� of an uprising that went on to spill into neighboring areas. There was a collective rage at the injustice of the acquittals, exacerbated by Black鈥揔orean tensions. Residents , , and .

Korean American immigrants, many of whom in the early 1990s were relatively recent arrivals to the U.S. and L.A., were deeply impacted by the uprising: 40% of economic losses during the five days of violence were borne by Korean American businesses, according to Edward Chang, a professor of ethnic studies and founding director of the Young Oak Kim Center for Korean American Studies at the University of California, Riverside.

The date was such a momentous incident for the Korean American community that it is still referred to as 鈥�Sai-i-gu,鈥� which means April 29 in Korean, 鈥渏ust like 9/11,鈥� says Chang. He calls it a 鈥渨atershed event,鈥� and 鈥渙ne of the most important historical events for more than 100 years of Korean immigration history.鈥�

鈥淭hey had to leave, they had no choice,鈥� says Chang of South L.A.鈥檚 Korean American store owners. 鈥淢any of them decided to relocate to other cities, such as Las Vegas, Seattle, or even Atlanta.鈥� Others who decided to stay restarted their businesses as stores in indoor swap meets. 

Although there has been less attention paid to the , Chicanos, and Latin American immigrants, the uprising directly affected them as well. Latinos were of violence, in addition to comprising . Many Latinos also lost businesses in the uprising.

Local Communities and Leaders Are Rebuilding South L.A.

Eunisses Hernandez was only 2 years old when the uprising happened, and in adulthood, she went on to become the co-founder of , an abolitionist organization tackling mass incarceration in L.A. To Hernandez, the horror of the 鈥�92 uprising highlighted systemic social problems in the city that persist even today, and that are 鈥渁 constant reminder that not many things have changed,鈥� she says.

鈥淲e have taken some steps toward progress,鈥� Hernandez says, 鈥渂ut the systems that have harmed us鈥攍aw enforcement, special interest groups, corporations鈥攈ave continuously beat all the efforts that we have made.鈥�

鈥淧aying more people to have guns and badges in our communities doesn鈥檛 make us safe,鈥� she says.

In addition to her work with , which helped to push for the of the Los Angeles County Men鈥檚 Central Jail and to stop the expansion of new jails, Hernandez was co-chair of , a countywide ballot measure passed by voters in November 2020 to divert funding from incarceration into a 鈥渃are-first-jails-last鈥� approach to social problems.

Activists have identified community-based needs on which the county can spend money freed from the building of jails. Hernandez explains that the ballot measure stipulates moving 鈥�10% of locally generated tax dollars into two buckets: community investment, such as youth, minority-owned businesses, and housing, and the second bucket, which is alternatives to incarceration.鈥�

Those alternatives include (such as conducting needs-based assessments, trauma support, and alternatives to pre-trial incarceration), mental health services, drug treatment, and job creation. The first year of funding under Measure J has already been distributed toward projects aimed at mental health and youth services that serve primarily 鈥淏lack trans women, elders, young people, LGBTQ communities,鈥� says Hernandez.

Johnson鈥檚 organization has a similar approach. 鈥淲e want to see investment in prevention,鈥� she says. Today, Community Coalition is working on a campaign with other organizations to explore enforcement of traffic stops. What should be a routine interaction often starts with of Black and Brown motorists and, far too often, results in violence and even death. But the city鈥檚 transportation department has been accused both by activists and the City Council of dragging its feet on completing a promised study as a first step toward implementing alternatives to policing in traffic stops.

In the meantime, Community Coalition is building a Center for Community Organizing that, in Johnson鈥檚 words, will help 鈥渢rain up more organizers from across the country to be well-versed in the strategies and methods that have proven to be successful.鈥�

Johnson鈥檚 definition of rebuilding her city includes expanding access to arts and culture for low-income communities of color. Community Coalition鈥檚 鈥溾�� is based on the premise that 鈥渁rt is power.鈥� Musical concerts and art exhibits provide opportunities to engage local communities in progressive causes and to encourage civic duties, like registering to vote. Moreover, she explains, 鈥淏lack and Brown people 鈥� are interested in changing the community around them and the outcomes for their families. We also want joy. We appreciate beauty.鈥�

鈥淲hat does a human being need to thrive and to be happy?鈥� Johnson asks. The answer to that鈥攑ublic safety, affordable housing, living wages, health care, arts and culture鈥攊s what she and other local activists are demanding for their community. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not so radical, it鈥檚 not so different than what anyone else would want for their family.鈥�

Solidarity Between Communities of Color

While Hernandez sees little progress by city authorities to rebuild South L.A. since 1992, she says, 鈥淲e have grown in certain areas, like around solidarity between Black, Brown, and Indigenous people of color and other low-income communities.鈥� Hernandez, who is , cites the strong multiracial coalitions she works with as integral to making progress on such issues as transitioning L.A. County and L.A. away from a carceral system.

Another example of solidarity between racial groups was the evolution of , a grassroots organization that was launched two months before the uprising as Korean Immigrant Workers Advocates, and years later renamed itself the Koreatown Immigrant Workers Alliance. The organization鈥檚 new name reflected the growing evolution of an area where Korean Americans had traditionally lived into one that has become increasingly populated by Latinos and other immigrant groups.

According to Chang, Asian Americans have been part of this cross-racial solidarity. 鈥淭here is a conscious decision made, particularly by the 1.5 and second-generation organizations, that are trying to reach out to other communities,鈥� he says, calling younger Korean Americans the 鈥渃hildren of Sai-i-gu.鈥�

Alongside KIWA, Chang cites , an organization founded in 1975 to serve primarily new Korean immigrants, as another example of a Korean American-led community group that pivoted to multicultural organizing. According to its website, 鈥淎fter the L.A. civil unrest in 1992, KYCC expanded from being an ethnically focused agency to one that included the surrounding community, aligning with its evolving needs.鈥� Another local grassroots group, , has similarly evolved, and, according to Chang, its main activities now are centered around 鈥渂uilding coalitions with African American and Latino communities.鈥�

The Black Lives Matter protests of 2020 were a stunning display of in L.A., where young people of color, starkly aware of ongoing systemic racism, marched together against racist police brutality.

鈥淚n 1992, South L.A., Koreatown burned down,鈥� says Chang. 鈥淏ut in 2020, they made a conscious choice to protest in Beverly Hills, Santa Monica, and West Hollywood, White affluent neighborhoods.鈥� Chang sees that decision as 鈥渁 signal that racism is part of White America, and White America needs to take ownership and participate in eradicating racism.鈥�

Johnson agrees, saying, 鈥淭he only way that we鈥檙e going to achieve what we want is together.鈥�