大象传媒

In his 2020 book, , Eddie Glaude Jr.鈥檚 meditation on the modern relevance of the writer James Baldwin, Glaude describes how Baldwin returned to the United States from Paris in 1957 to witness a civil rights movement that was seriously getting underway. Traveling through the South, Baldwin was struck by how American life was still defined by a belief in the inferiority of Black people, and further struck by how that enduring lie would likely prevent white people from transforming the nation. He believed that until he died in 1987. 

Now, 37 years later, the lie that never went away has enjoyed a remarkable resurgence in U.S. politics, overwhelmingly on the right, that threatens to engulf the whole republic. It has taken the form of in education, and even the very presence of . But something else remarkable is happening that Baldwin could not have imagined at all: The push for reparations鈥攃ompensation for the damage wrought by hundreds of years of the lies that justified slavery and then segregation and discrimination鈥攈as become mainstream. 

In 2021, California became the first state to launch a reparations task force, the largest-scale effort to pursue reparations in the country. The task force was born from a 2019 bill introduced by , four months after the death of John Conyers, the Democratic congressman from Michigan who introduced a federal reparations bill, H.R. 40, . Weber鈥檚 bill in California was practically a carbon copy of H.R. 40.

Two years after the task force was launched, in summer 2023, it released 1,000-plus pages of more than 100 based on two years of research, hearings, and discussions. The recommendations were highly anticipated; the executive summary noted that California, as is the case with so much else, expected to serve as a model for how reparations could be realized elsewhere, especially at the federal level.

WATCH: Can California Take Reparations to the Finish Line?

Despite the historic nature of the report, the future of reparations in the Golden State is far from assured. To begin with, the committee鈥檚 findings make clear that California, far from being the exception to racist practices and policies in other states, has been in many ways worse. The echoes Baldwin in bluntly citing 鈥渞acist lies鈥� underlying attitudes and practices in California that are not just consigned to history but are ongoing. The state tolerated slavery despite being admitted in 1850 as a 鈥渇ree鈥� state, was a that at one point rivaled the South, and failed to ratify the 14th and 15th amendments until and , respectively. 

More recently, in 2022, the California Senate refused to support a that would have eliminated slavery and involuntary servitude as punishment for a crime, a step that many other far less progressive states such as Alabama and Tennessee have taken. These facts are but a few of many that beg the question: California may be the first state to formally embark on a project of reparations, but will it actually implement it? 

State (D-Inglewood), vice chair of the California Legislative Black Caucus, was one of three elected officials on the nine-member reparations task force and has frequently been its public face. He says an agreement on any reparations legislation for Gov. Gavin Newsom to consider will not come until later in 2024. In early February 2024, Black lawmakers unveiled the , 14 proposed laws that call for boosting home ownership, property tax relief in redlined communities, and a formal apology from Gov. Newsom for California鈥檚 history of anti-Black racism, among other things. 

In winter 2023, Bradford proposed SB 490鈥攖he first post-task force bill鈥攖o establish the , an office to oversee reparations distribution that deliberately recalls the Freedman鈥檚 Bureau, a Reconstruction-era government body that helped formerly enslaved people transition to freedom. But Bradford cautions that the resulting reparations will take years to become reality, even if the process started today. 鈥淚t鈥檒l be many legislative cycles, many sessions,鈥� he says. 鈥淭his is just the beginning.鈥�

Bradford says that the task force鈥檚 job since releasing the report has been to convince colleagues in the legislature to read it, or at least familiarize themselves with it. While it sounds like an obvious first step, it鈥檚 crucial to changing the reality that Bradford has been acknowledging all along, that there simply isn鈥檛 enough support鈥攜et鈥攊n California or in the rest of the country, for meaningful reparations for Black people. 

The renewed racial consciousness following the police murder of George Floyd in 2020 has popularized the optics of supporting Black people, like taking a knee or putting a Black Lives Matter sign in a window or on a lawn. But grasping the enormity of racism鈥檚 legacy and then deciding that something of equal enormity must be done to correct it is another matter. Bradford and his peers face the difficult task of trying to strike a balance between making reparations seem quotidian and common-sense鈥攊t is simply giving people what they鈥檙e owed鈥攚hile agitating for nothing less than a revolution of the American psyche. 鈥淭his is the real stain on America, the sin of slavery,鈥� he says. 鈥淢ost people don鈥檛 understand that most of the wealth in this country is dependent on 400 years of free labor. We still have a racist core.鈥�

While convincing the legislature to educate itself is key, Bradford and others say that there needs to be buy-in from the grassroots as well. The , formed last year, is composed of six former task force members and a growing list of organizations, Black and otherwise, that not only support the full set of task force recommendations but is working to realize them. 

The Legislative Black Caucus is also coordinating its own PR plan. Public opinion of reparations is mixed, especially when it comes to cash compensation. A last year found that while a majority of California voters agree that the legacy of slavery continues to have an impact on the lives of Black residents, less than a third approve of giving money. 

The prospect of giving money to Black folks is a that has obsessed the media from the start of the state鈥檚 reparations process, obscuring the scope of what reparations are, and the many forms they could and should take. Bradford has downplayed the idea of dispensing checks as just one action among many; significantly, the 14 bills introduced in 2024 do not include any . And yet, payment is the form that reparations have taken for other groups robbed of their wealth over time, such as and the during World War II. It seems that the biggest challenge for reparations for Black people is the deep-seated belief鈥攖he lie鈥攖hat Black people simply don鈥檛 deserve financial compensation, despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. 

Resistance to reparations is also emotional in that it brings to light so much unexamined history. The task force has served as a truth and reconciliation committee that the U.S., including California, has never had. Lisa Holder, another task force member, described California鈥檚 recommendations as a 鈥�.鈥� Reluctance to simply explore that truth is long-standing, and legion. 

With the California reparations project, the floodgates of truth鈥攊f not cash鈥攈ave opened, a significant step toward redress no matter what happens, or doesn鈥檛, with reparations. project offers a cautionary tale for the movement for racial repair. 

That effort yielded highly ambitious , also numbering more than a hundred, and spanning finance, housing, and yes, cash payments of $5 million per individual. Other recommendations that came out of San Francisco鈥檚 reparations report included creating a public or freedmen鈥檚 bank, debt forgiveness, and the formation of a Black reparations trust. But in December 2023, San Francisco when she eliminated from the city budget a relatively paltry $4 million fund for a reparations office鈥攖he San Francisco task force鈥檚 version of a Freedmen鈥檚 Bureau. 

Breed has said that true , but she also , a program aimed at reforming public safety and improving what鈥檚 left of Black neighborhoods in San Francisco. The irony was lost on no one, especially the task force: a Black mayor of the country鈥檚 most progressive city impeding historic progress for Black people. 

And yet Breed is not alone in her reticence. Mandla Kayise, an educational and community planning consultant and a member of the City of that formed two years ago, says he鈥檚 found that reparations can be a difficult sell鈥攅ven to Black people. 鈥淧eople should be granted some reasonable skepticism, given the failed history of so many efforts that were supposed to help Black people,鈥� he says. 鈥淭hey just don鈥檛 buy it. They don鈥檛 think that any of this is going to happen. Only activists and advocates do.鈥� In other words, Black people believe in reparations, but not in the country鈥檚 willingness to do the right thing. 

A bigger problem is that, despite polls showing that a , there isn鈥檛 a lot of awareness about current reparations efforts at the community level. Kayise says the L.A. commission is planning a public roundtable in February with the 60 community organizations it is allied with鈥攃hurches, nonprofits, individuals鈥攁nd is looking for more. 鈥淲e have to fully engage the Black public. That is the overriding factor,鈥� he says. 鈥淢ore than informing, it鈥檚 about organizing so that we have community pressure to make this happen.鈥� The L.A. Commission is still in its information-gathering process and expects to release its recommendations by December.

Kayise agrees with Bradford that the inherently controversial nature of reparations, and the sheer scope of it, guarantees it won鈥檛 happen quickly. But time is also of the essence: If we can鈥檛 make the case and win consensus now, he says, it鈥檒l be harder to do later. Ultimately, what we need, what we鈥檝e always needed, is 鈥渘ational leadership that says, what鈥檚 good for Black people is good for us all,鈥� he adds. For all the disillusionment that dogged him to the end of his life, James Baldwin never let go of that idea.

This story was funded by a grant from , as part of the 大象传媒 series 鈥�Realizing Reparations.鈥� While reporting and production of the series was funded by this grant, 大象传媒 maintained full editorial control of the content published herein. Read our editorial independence policy here.